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1.
Rev. Méd. Clín. Condes ; 31(2): 130-138, mar.-abr. 2020. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1223504

ABSTRACT

La depresión y la obesidad son patologías altamente prevalentes y corresponden a los principales problemas de salud pública. Estas patologías tienen un gran impacto en la morbilidad y mortalidad de los pacientes y afectan la salud y el bienestar de quienes las padecen, así como también afectan en el aspecto socioeconómico consecuencia del deterioro funcional y el gasto de recursos en salud ocasionados. Resultados de estudios epidemiológicos, ensayos clínicos y meta-análisis apoyan la asociación entre los estados depresivos y la obesidad, ya que ambos ocurren conjuntamente en todas las razas de poblaciones evaluadas. El objetivo es abordar la evidencia con respecto a 4 aspectos: (1) obesidad y respuesta a los antidepresivos, (2) trastornos depresivos y su impacto sobre la progresión de la obesidad, (3) tratamiento de la obesidad y el impacto sobre los resultados entre pacientes con trastornos depresivos, (4) el tratamiento de los trastornos depresivos y su impacto sobre los resultados de la obesidad. La evidencia existente apoya la asociación entre obesidad y los resultados adversos para la salud en individuos con trastornos depresivos. Además, destaca el concepto que el tratamiento de una de las dos enfermedades (obesidad o trastornos depresivos) es relevante para mejorar el curso de la otra patología. Puede ser beneficioso explorar dirigidamente la presencia de un trastorno depresivo en sujetos con sobrepeso u obesidad, así como el aumento de peso en personas con depresión. Conocer el efecto de los fármacos antidepresivos sobre el peso corporal es también relevante para facilitar la adherencia al tratamiento en el largo plazo.


Depression and obesity are highly prevalent illness and a mayor public health concern. These diseases have a great impact on morbidity and mortality of patients and affect the health and well-being of those who suffer them, as well as being affected in the socioeconomic aspect as a result of the functional deterioration and the spending of resources. Results of epidemiological studies, clinical trials and meta-analysis support the association between mood disorders and obesity, since both occur together in all the populations evaluated. The objective is to address the evidence regarding four aspects: (1) obesity and response to antidepressants, (2) depressive disorders and their effect on the progression of obesity, (3) treatment of obesity and the effect on outcomes among patients with depressive disorders, (4) the treatment of depressive disorders and their effect on obesity outcomes. Existing evidence supports the association between obesity and adverse health outcomes in individuals with depressive disorders. In addition, it highlights the concept that the treatment of one of the two diseases (obesity or depressive disorders) is relevant to improve the course of the other disease. It may be beneficial to explore the presence of a depressive disorders in overweight or obese subjects, as well as weight gain in subjects with depression. Knowing the effect of antidepressant drugs on body weight is relevant to facilitate adherence to long-term treatment.


Subject(s)
Humans , Depressive Disorder/psychology , Depressive Disorder/epidemiology , Obesity/psychology , Obesity/epidemiology , Body Weight , Body Mass Index , Depressive Disorder/physiopathology , Depressive Disorder/drug therapy , Overweight , Antidepressive Agents/therapeutic use , Obesity/physiopathology , Obesity/therapy
2.
Trends psychiatry psychother. (Impr.) ; 41(1): 43-50, Jan.-Mar. 2019. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1004839

ABSTRACT

Abstract Introduction Long-term psychodynamic psychotherapy (LTPP) emphasizes the centrality of intrapsychic and unconscious conflicts and their relation to development. Although there is evidence supporting the efficacy of LTPP in mental disorders, little research has been published on the efficacy of LTPP for depressive and anxiety disorders. Objective To examine whether patients with anxiety and depressive disorders demonstrate improvement in their attachment styles, defense styles, psychiatric symptoms, anxiety/depressive symptoms, and alexithymia with LTPP. Methods In this retrospective, descriptive study, the psychological outcomes of patients who were treated at the psychoanalytic clinic of Babol University of Medical Sciences were assessed. Fourteen patients diagnosed with depressive or anxiety disorder participated in the study of LTPP using the self-psychology approach. The Beck Depression Inventory II, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Adult Attachment Scale, 40-item Defense Style Questionnaire, and the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale were administered at pre-treatment, post-treatment, and 6-month follow-up. Generalized estimating equations were used to analyze changes in psychological outcomes after each of the three assessments. Results The mean scores of depression and anxiety and secure attachment improved significantly after LTPP with self-psychology approach from baseline to post-treatment and follow-up. Also, the mean scores of neurotic and immature defenses, difficulty in identifying feelings, difficulty in describing feelings, externally oriented thinking, and total alexithymia scores decreased significantly from baseline to post-treatment and follow-up. Conclusion Symptoms of anxiety disorders, depressive disorders, insecure attachment styles, alexithymia, and neurotic/immature defense styles improved after the LTPP with self-psychology approach. Moreover, the improvements persisted at the 6-month follow-up.


Resumo Introdução A psicoterapia psicodinâmica de longo prazo (PPLP) enfatiza a centralidade dos conflitos intrapsíquicos e inconscientes e sua relação com o desenvolvimento. Apesar da evidência em favor da eficácia da PPLP em transtornos mentais, há poucos dados sobre a eficácia da PPLP em transtornos de depressão/ansiedade. Objetivo Examinar se pacientes com transtornos de depressão/ansiedade demonstram melhora em seus estilos de apego, estilos defensivos, sintomas psiquiátricos, sintomas de ansiedade/depressão e alexitimia com PPLP. Métodos Neste estudo retrospectivo, descritivo, os desfechos psicológicos de pacientes tratados na clínica psicanalítica da Babol University of Medical Sciences foram avaliados. Quatorze pacientes com diagnóstico de transtorno de depressão ou ansiedade participaram do estudo sobre PPLP com abordagem de psicologia do self. O Inventário de Depressão de Beck II, o Inventário de Ansiedade de Beck, a Escala de Apego do Adulto, o Questionário de Estilo de Defesa-40 e a Escala de Alexitimia de Toronto-20 foram administrados antes e após o tratamento e no seguimento de 6 meses. Equações de estimação generalizadas foram usadas para analisar mudanças nos desfechos psicológicos após cada avaliação. Resultados Os escores médios de depressão/ansiedade e apego seguro melhoraram significativamente após PPLP com abordagem de psicologia do self do início do estudo ao pós-tratamento e seguimento. Além disso, os escores médios de defesas neuróticas e imaturas, dificuldade em identificar sentimentos, dificuldade em descrever sentimentos, pensamentos orientados externamente e escores totais de alexitimia diminuíram significativamente do início do estudo ao pós-tratamento e seguimento. Conclusão Sintomas de transtornos de ansiedade, transtornos depressivos, estilos de apego inseguro, alexitimia e estilos de defesa neuróticos/imaturos melhoraram após PPLP com abordagem de psicologia do self. Além disso, as melhoras persistiram no seguimento de 6 meses.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Young Adult , Anxiety Disorders/therapy , Outcome Assessment, Health Care , Affective Symptoms/therapy , Defense Mechanisms , Depressive Disorder/therapy , Psychotherapy, Psychodynamic/methods , Object Attachment , Anxiety Disorders/physiopathology , Time Factors , Retrospective Studies , Affective Symptoms/physiopathology , Depressive Disorder/physiopathology , Iran , Middle Aged
3.
Rev. Assoc. Med. Bras. (1992) ; 65(3): 394-403, Mar. 2019. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1003038

ABSTRACT

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: To propose a program of physical-cognitive dual task and to measure its impact in Chilean institutionalized elderly adults. METHOD: Experimental design study with pre and post-intervention evaluations, measuring the cognitive and depressive levels by means of the Pfeiffer test and the Yesavage scale, respectively. The program was applied for 12 weeks to adults between 68 and 90 years old. The statistical analysis was based on the nonparametric Wilcoxon test for paired samples and was contrasted with its parametric version. The statistical software R was used. RESULTS: Statistically significant differences were obtained in the cognitive level (p-value < 0.05) and highly significant (p-value < 0.001) in the level of depression with both tests (parametric and nonparametric). CONCLUSION: Due to the almost null evidence of scientific interventions of programs that integrate physical activity and cognitive tasks together in Chilean elderly adults, a program of physical-cognitive dual task was proposed as a non-pharmacological treatment, easy to apply and of low cost to benefit their integral health, which improves significantly the cognitive and depressive levels of institutionalized elderly adults.


RESUMO OBJETIVO: Propor um programa físico-cognitivo e medir seu impacto em idosos institucionalizados chilenos. MÉTODO: Estudo de planejamento experimental com avaliações pré e pós-intervenção, medindo os níveis cognitivo e depressivo por meio do teste de Pfeiffer e da escala de Yesavage, respectivamente. O programa foi aplicado por 12 semanas a idosos entre 68 e 90 anos de idade. A análise estatística foi baseada no teste não paramétrico de Wilcoxon para amostras pareadas e foi contrastada com sua versão paramétrica. O software estatístico R foi utilizado. RESULTADOS: Diferenças estatisticamente significantes foram obtidas no nível cognitivo (p < 0,05) e altamente significante (p < 0,001) no nível de depressão com ambos os testes (paramétrico e não paramétrico). CONCLUSÃO: Porque quase não existe evidência científica de programas de intervenções que integram a atividade física e tarefas cognitivas em chilenos idosos, um programa físico-cognitivo foi proposto como tratamento não farmacológico, fácil de implementar e de baixo custo, para beneficiar a sua saúde integral, melhorando significativamente os níveis cognitivos e depressivos de idosos institucionalizados.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Program Evaluation , Cognitive Behavioral Therapy/methods , Mental Health , Depressive Disorder/therapy , Exercise Therapy/methods , Cognitive Dysfunction/therapy , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales , Time Factors , Severity of Illness Index , Aging/psychology , Chile , Surveys and Questionnaires , Treatment Outcome , Housing for the Elderly , Statistics, Nonparametric , Depressive Disorder/physiopathology , Cognitive Dysfunction/physiopathology , Institutionalization
5.
Rev. Assoc. Med. Bras. (1992) ; 63(10): 876-882, Oct. 2017. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-896294

ABSTRACT

Summary Introduction: Sexual dysfunction is highly prevalent, affecting 40% of the female population. The incidence of such dysfunction is known to be higher among women with malignant breast disease and in patients with depression or anxiety. However, there are few data regarding the prevalence of sexual dysfunction among women with benign breast disease (BBD). Objective: To evaluate the incidence of sexual dysfunction, depression and anxiety among women with BBD, in comparison with that observed for healthy women. Method: We evaluated the incidence of sexual dysfunction in 60 patients with benign breast disease (fibroadenomas, breast cysts, breast pain and phyllodes tumor) and 69 healthy women (control group). Participants completed the Sexual Quotient Questionnaire for Females (SQQ-F), the Beck Depression Inventory and the Beck Anxiety Inventory. Statistical analysis revealed that depression and anxiety were comparable between BBD and control groups (10.3 vs. 20.3% and 38.7 vs. 34.3%, respectively, p>0.05). The mean SQQ-F score (65.6±22.7 vs. 70.1±16.8; p>0.05) and sexual dysfunction (33.3 vs. 25.4%; p=0.324) were similar between BBD and control groups. Conclusion: We found no differences between women with BBD and healthy women in terms of the incidence of sexual dysfunction, anxiety and depression. Nevertheless, given the high prevalence of this condition, it is important to assess sexual quality of life, as well as overall quality of life, in women with BBD.


Resumo Introdução: A disfunção sexual é altamente prevalente, afetando 40% da população feminina. A incidência de tal disfunção é conhecida por ser maior entre as mulheres com câncer de mama e pacientes com ansiedade e depressão. No entanto, existem poucos dados sobre a prevalência de disfunção sexual entre mulheres com doença benigna da mama (BBD). Objetivo: Avaliar a incidência de disfunção sexual, depressão e ansiedade em mulheres com BBD, em comparação a mulheres saudáveis. Método: Avaliamos a incidência de disfunção sexual em 60 pacientes com doença benigna da mama (fibroadenomas, cistos mamários, dor mamária e tumor phyllodes) e 69 mulheres saudáveis (grupo controle). As participantes completaram o Questionário de Quociente Sexual para Mulheres (SQQ-F), o Inventário de Depressão de Beck e o Inventário de Ansiedade de Beck. A análise estatística revelou que a depressão e a ansiedade eram comparáveis entre os grupos BBD e controle (10,3 vs. 20,3% e 38,7 vs. 34,3%, respectivamente, p>0,05). O escore médio de SQQ-F (65,6±22,7 vs. 70,1±16,8; p>0,05) e a disfunção sexual (33,3 vs. 25,4%; p=0,324) foram semelhantes entre os grupos BBD e controle. Conclusão: Não encontramos diferenças entre mulheres com BBD e mulheres saudáveis em termos de incidência de disfunção sexual, ansiedade e depressão. No entanto, dada a alta prevalência dessa condição, é importante avaliar a qualidade de vida sexual, bem como a qualidade de vida global, em mulheres com BBD.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Young Adult , Anxiety Disorders/epidemiology , Breast Diseases/epidemiology , Sexual Dysfunctions, Psychological/epidemiology , Depressive Disorder/epidemiology , Anxiety Disorders/physiopathology , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales , Quality of Life , Sexual Behavior/physiology , Brazil/epidemiology , Breast Diseases/physiopathology , Breast Diseases/psychology , Case-Control Studies , Incidence , Surveys and Questionnaires , Statistics, Nonparametric , Sexual Dysfunctions, Psychological/physiopathology , Depressive Disorder/physiopathology , Middle Aged
6.
São Paulo med. j ; 134(5): 423-429, Sept.-Oct. 2016. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-830893

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Diabetes mellitus and depressive disorders frequently coexist. However, this relationship has been little evaluated across stages of hyperglycemia and for a broad range of common mental disorders (CMDs). The objective here was to investigate the association between CMDs and stages of glycemia. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study conducted among civil servants aged 35-74 years participating in the ELSA-Brasil cohort. METHODS: CMDs were classified using the Clinical Interview Schedule - Revised (CIS-R). Glycemia was classified in stages as normal, intermediate hyperglycemia, newly classified diabetes or previously known diabetes, based on oral glucose tolerance testing, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), self-reported diabetes and medication use. Blood glucose control was assessed according to HbA1c. RESULTS: CMDs were most prevalent in individuals with previously known diabetes. After adjustments, associations weakened considerably and remained significant only for those with a CIS-R score ≥ 12 (prevalence ratio, PR: 1.15; 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.03-1.29). Intermediate hyperglycemia did not show any association with CMDs. For individuals with previously known diabetes and newly classified diabetes, for every 1% increase in HbA1c, the prevalence of depressive disorders became, respectively, 12% and 23% greater (PR: 1.12; 95% CI: 1.00-1.26; and PR: 1.23; 95% CI: 1.04-1.44). CONCLUSION: Individuals with previously known diabetes had higher CIS-R scores. Among all individuals with diabetes, worse blood glucose control was correlated with depressive disorder. No relationship between intermediate hyperglycemia and CMDs was observed, thus suggesting that causal processes relating to CMDs, if present, must act more proximally to diabetes onset.


RESUMO CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: Diabetes mellitus e transtornos depressivos frequentemente coexistem. No entanto, essa relação tem sido pouco avaliada nos estágios hiperglicêmicos e em uma amplitude maior de transtornos mentais comuns (TMCs). O objetivo foi investigar a associação entre TMCs e estágios de glicemia. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Estudo transversal realizado com funcionários públicos com idade entre 35-74 anos participantes da coorte ELSA-Brasil. MÉTODOS: TMCs foram classificados usando o instrumento Clinical Interview Schedule - Revised (CIS-R). Para a classificação dos estágios de glicemia, foi utilizado o teste de tolerância a glicose, hemoglobina glicada (HbA1c), relato pessoal de diabetes e uso de medicamentos. A glicemia foi categorizada como: normal, hiperglicemia intermediária, classificação nova de diabetes, e diabetes prévio. Controle glicêmico foi avaliado pela HbA1c. RESULTADOS: TMCs foram mais prevalentes nos pacientes com diabetes prévio. Após ajustes, as associações foram consideravelmente enfraquecidas, permanecendo significativas somente para aqueles com escore do CIS-R ≥ 12 (razão de prevalência, RP: 1,15; intervalo de confiança de 95%, IC: 1,03-1,29). Hiperglicemia intermediária não teve associação com CMDs. Para aqueles com diabetes prévio e classificação nova de diabetes, para cada aumento de 1% na HbA1c, a prevalência de transtorno depressivo foi, respectivamente, 12% e 23% maior (RP: 1,12; IC: 1,00-1,26 e RP: 1,23; IC: 1,04-1,44). CONCLUSÃO: Aqueles com diabetes prévio tiveram escore do CIS-R mais elevado. Entre todos com diabetes, o controle glicêmico pior foi relacionado ao transtorno depressivo. Não foi observada relação entre hiperglicemia intermediária e TMCs, sugerindo que a relação causal relacionada aos TMCs, se presente, deve agir de forma mais próxima ao início de diabetes.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Anxiety Disorders/etiology , Anxiety Disorders/blood , Diabetes Complications/physiopathology , Depressive Disorder/etiology , Depressive Disorder/blood , Hyperglycemia/complications , Anxiety Disorders/physiopathology , Blood Glucose/analysis , Brazil , Glycated Hemoglobin , Cross-Sectional Studies , Risk Factors , Depressive Disorder/physiopathology , Glucose Tolerance Test , Hyperglycemia/physiopathology
7.
Arq. bras. cardiol ; 105(4): 362-370, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-764467

ABSTRACT

AbstractBackground:The relationship between psychiatric illness and heart disease has been frequently discussed in the literature. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between anxiety, depression and overall psychological distress, and coronary slow flow (CSF).Methods:In total, 44 patients with CSF and a control group of 50 patients with normal coronary arteries (NCA) were prospectively recruited. Clinical data, admission laboratory parameters, and echocardiographic and angiographic characteristics were recorded. Symptom Checklist 90 Revised (SCL-90-R), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) scales were administered to each patient.Results:The groups were comparable with respect to age, sex, and atherosclerotic risk factors. In the CSF group, BAI score, BDI score, and general symptom index were significantly higher than controls (13 [18.7] vs. 7.5 [7], p = 0.01; 11 [14.7] vs. 6.5 [7], p = 0.01; 1.76 [0.81] vs. 1.1[0.24], p = 0.01; respectively). Patients with CSF in more than one vessel had the highest test scores. In univariate correlation analysis, mean thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) frame counts were positively correlated with BAI (r = 0.56, p = 0.01), BDI (r = 0.47, p = 0.01), and general symptom index (r = 0.65, p = 0.01). The psychiatric tests were not correlated with risk factors for atherosclerosis.Conclusion:Our study revealed higher rates of depression, anxiety, and overall psychological distress in patients with CSF. This conclusion warrants further studies.


ResumoFundamento:A investigação da relação entre doença psiquiátrica e doença cardíaca sempre foi um tema de interesse na literatura médica.Objetivo:Investigar a relação entre ansiedade, depressão e distúrbios psicológicos gerais e fluxo coronariano lento (FCL).Métodos:Quarenta e quatro pacientes com FCL e 50 pacientes com fluxo coronariano normal (FCN) foram recrutados prospectivamente. Foram registrados: dados clínicos, parâmetros laboratoriais à admissão e características ecocardiográficas e angiográficas. Escalas de avaliação da Lista de Verificação de Sintomas-90 Revisada (SCL-90-R), do Inventário Beck de Depressão (IBD) e do Inventário Beck de Ansiedade (IBA) foram determinadas para cada paciente.Resultados:O grupo FCL incluiu 44 indivíduos e o grupo controle 50 indivíduos. Os grupos foram comparados quanto à idade, sexo e fatores de risco para aterosclerose. No grupo FCL, os escores do IBA, do IBD e do índice geral de sintomas foram significativamente mais altos que no grupo controle (13 [18,7] vs. 7,5 [7], p = 0,01; 11 [14,7] vs. 6,5 [7], p = 0,01; 1,76 [0,81] vs. 1,1[0,24], p = 0,01; respectivamente). Pacientes com FCL em mais de um vaso apresentaram os escores mais elevados. Na análise de correlação univariada, a média das contagens de quadros TIMI foi correlacionada positivamente com o IBA (r = 0,56, p = 0,01), com o IBD (r = 0,47, p = 0,01) e com o Índice Geral de Sintomas (r = 0,65, p = 0,01). Os testes psiquiátricos não tiveram correlação com fatores de risco para aterosclerose.Conclusão:Nosso estudo revelou taxas de depressão, ansiedade e distúrbios psicológicos gerais mais elevadas em pacientes com FCL. Esta conclusão justifica novos estudos.


Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Anxiety Disorders/physiopathology , Coronary Artery Disease/physiopathology , Coronary Artery Disease/psychology , Coronary Circulation/physiology , Depressive Disorder/physiopathology , Stress, Psychological/physiopathology , Blood Flow Velocity/physiology , Blood Pressure/physiology , Coronary Angiography , Epidemiologic Methods , Psychological Tests
8.
Braz. J. Psychiatry (São Paulo, 1999, Impr.) ; 37(3): 256-263, July-Sept. 2015. tab, ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-759424

ABSTRACT

Objective:To conduct a systematic review of the literature about the symptom of rumination in bipolar disorder (BD).Methods:We searched the MEDLINE (PubMed), ISI Web of Knowledge, PsycINFO, and SciELO databases using the descriptors “rumination” and “bipolar disorder” and no time limits. This strategy yielded 105 references, of which 74 were selected. Inclusion criteria were studies involving patients with BD and the use of at least one validated scale for the assessment of rumination. Review articles were excluded. Seventeen articles were ultimately analyzed and included in the review.Results:Rumination is present in all BD phases, is a stable interepisodic symptom, is associated with symptoms of depression, anxiety, and hypomania, and may occur in response to both positive and negative affect. There is no research on rumination and neurobiological findings in patients with BD.Conclusions:Rumination seems to be independent of mood state, but shows close relationship with it. It is possible that rumination has a negative impact on cognitive and executive functions, particularly inhibitory control. Finally, rumination is an important symptom in both phases of BD, and, therefore, may be a useful target for further exploration as a dimensional domain and a transdiagnostic phenomenon in Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) projects.


Subject(s)
Adult , Child , Female , Humans , Male , Bipolar Disorder/psychology , Feeding and Eating Disorders of Childhood/psychology , Affect/physiology , Anxiety Disorders/physiopathology , Anxiety Disorders/psychology , Bipolar Disorder/physiopathology , Cognition/physiology , Depressive Disorder/physiopathology , Depressive Disorder/psychology , Feeding and Eating Disorders of Childhood/physiopathology , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
9.
Int. braz. j. urol ; 41(1): 110-115, jan-feb/2015. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-742883

ABSTRACT

Introduction Non-androgenic growth factors are involved in the growth regulation of prostate cancer (PCa). Objective This is the first Brazilian study to correlate, in a population of patients operated for PCa, PSA, total testosterone, insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) with Gleason score and to compare with a control group with benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH). Materials and Methods This retrospective single-center study included 49 men with previously diagnosed PCa and 45 with previously diagnosed BPH. PSA, testosterone, IGF-I, IGFBP-3 were determined in both groups. Results PSA and IGFBP-3 levels were significantly higher in the PCa group as compared to the BPH group (p<0.001 and p=0.004, respectively). There was a significant difference when we compared the PSA before surgery (p<0.001) and at the inclusion in the study (p<0.001) and IGFBP3 (0.016) among patients with Gleason <7, ≥7 and BPH. In the PCa group, PSA, testosterone, IGF-I and IGFBP-3 levels were comparable between Gleason <7 and ≥7. Conclusions Our data suggest that in localized PCa, the quantification of PSA and, not of IGF-1, may provide independent significant information in the aggressiveness. IGFBP-3 could be a biochemical marker of disease control in PCa patients. .


Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Humans , Male , Mice , Pregnancy , Air Pollutants/toxicity , Cell Differentiation/drug effects , Depressive Disorder/physiopathology , Nanoparticles/toxicity , Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects/physiopathology , Animals, Newborn , Blotting, Western , Cells, Cultured , Cities , Depressive Disorder/etiology , Hippocampus/metabolism , JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism , Maze Learning/drug effects , Neurites/drug effects , Neurites/physiology , Neurons/cytology , Neurons/drug effects , Pilot Projects , Particulate Matter/toxicity , Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects/etiology
10.
Braz. J. Psychiatry (São Paulo, 1999, Impr.) ; 36(4): 305-312, Oct-Dec/2014. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-730597

ABSTRACT

Objective: To investigate whether internalizing disorders are associated with quality of life (QoL) in adolescents, even after accounting for shared risk factors. Methods: The sample comprised 102 adolescents from a community cross-sectional study with an oversampling of anxious subjects. Risk factors previously associated with QoL were assessed and divided into five blocks organized hierarchically from proximal to distal sets of risk factors. Results: Multiple regression analysis yielded a hierarchical model accounting for 72% of QoL variance. All blocks were consistently associated with QoL (p < 0.05), accounting for the following percentages of variance: 12% for demographics; 5.2% for family environment; 37.8% for stressful events; 10% for nutritional and health habits; and 64.2% for dimensional psychopathological symptoms or 22.8% for psychiatric diagnoses (dichotomous). Although most of the QoL variance attributed to internalizing symptoms was explained by the four proximal blocks in the hierarchical model (43.2%), about 21% of the variance was independently associated with internalizing symptoms/diagnoses. Conclusions: QoL is associated with several aspects of adolescent life that were largely predicted by our hierarchical model. Our findings reinforce the hypothesis that internalizing disorders and internalizing symptoms in adolescents have a high impact on QoL and deserve proper clinical attention. .


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Child , Female , Humans , Male , Young Adult , Anxiety Disorders/psychology , Depressive Disorder/psychology , Quality of Life/psychology , Anxiety Disorders/etiology , Anxiety Disorders/physiopathology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Depressive Disorder/etiology , Depressive Disorder/physiopathology , Feeding Behavior , Life Change Events , Models, Psychological , Predictive Value of Tests , Surveys and Questionnaires , Regression Analysis , Risk Factors , Self-Assessment , Social Environment
11.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; 72(6): 426-429, 06/2014. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-712675

ABSTRACT

Objective : To test the hypothesis that severity of cognitive impairment modifies the association between depression and Parkinson’s disease (PD). Method : One-phase population-based door-to-door surveys. This is a secondary analysis of 1,451 people aged 65 years and older with cognitive impairment living in defined catchment areas. Depression was estimated according to ICD-10, self-reported PD, disability according to WHODAS-II and cognitive status according to the CSI-D. Results : The mean age of the sample was 79.3 years old and most (69%) were women. Of the total sample, 16.1% had depression and it was significantly higher among participants with PD. There was an increase on the ORs of the association between depression and PD with decreased scores in the cognitive test (Adjusted OR from 0.98 to 8.04). Conclusion : The association between depression and PD increases with the severity of the cognitive impairment. .


Objetivo : Testar a hipótese que a gravidade do prejuízo cognitivo modifica a associação entre depressão e doença de Parkinson (DP). Método : Estudo populacional através da análise secundária de 1.451 pessoas com idade maior ou igual a 65 anos com prejuízo cognitivo que residiam em áreas de abrangência definidas. A depressão foi estimada de acordo com a CID-10, auto-relato de DP, incapacidade conforme a WHODAS-II e nível cognitvo de acordo com a CSI-D. Resultado : A média de idade foi 79,3 anos, predominaram as mulheres (69%). Do total de indivíduos, 16,1% tinham depressão, significantemente maior entre os participantes com DP. Houve aumento gradativo na OR relativa à associação entre depressão e DP com a diminuição do escore no teste cognitivo (OR ajustado variou de 0,98 a 8,04). Conclusão : A associação entre depressão e DP parece aumentar com a gravidade do prejuízo cognitivo. .


Subject(s)
Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Cognition Disorders/psychology , Depressive Disorder/etiology , Parkinson Disease/psychology , Cognition Disorders/physiopathology , Depressive Disorder/physiopathology , Educational Status , Logistic Models , Neuropsychological Tests , Parkinson Disease/physiopathology , Severity of Illness Index
12.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; 71(9A): 596-599, set. 2013. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-687271

ABSTRACT

Objective Depressive pseudodementia (DPD) is a clinical condition characterized by depressive symptoms followed by cognitive and functional impairment characteristics of dementia. Memory complaints are one of the most related cognitive symptoms in DPD. The present study aims to assess the verbal learning profile of elderly patients with DPD. Methods Ninety-six older adults (34 DPD and 62 controls) were assessed by neuropsychological tests including the Rey auditory-verbal learning test (RAVLT). A multivariate general linear model was used to assess group differences and controlled for demographic factors. Results Moderate or large effects were found on all RAVLT components, except for short-term and recognition memory. Conclusion DPD impairs verbal memory, with large effect size on free recall and moderate effect size on the learning. Short-term storage and recognition memory are useful in clinical contexts when the differential diagnosis is required. .


Objetivo A pseudodemência depressiva (PDD) é uma condição clínica onde sintomas depressivos são acompanhados por comprometimento cognitivo e funcional característicos da demência. Queixas de memória são um dos sintomas mais comumente relatados na PDD. O presente estudo almeja investigar a aprendizagem verbal de pacientes idosos com PDD. Método 96 idosos (34 PDD e 62 controles) realizaram testes neuropsicológicos incluindo o Teste de Aprendizagem Auditivo-Verbal de Rey (RAVLT). Adotou-se um modelo linear geral multivariado para comparação dos grupos controlando variáveis sociodemográficas. Resultados Pacientes com PDD apresentaram déficits em todo o RAVLT, com exceção no armazenamento de curto-prazo e reconhecimento, com tamanhos de efeito moderados ou altos. Conclusão A PDD compromete a memória verbal mais intensamente na evocação livre e de forma moderada na aprendizagem. A memória de curto-prazo e de reconhecimento são úteis em contextos onde o diagnóstico diferencial é necessário. .


Subject(s)
Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Depressive Disorder/complications , Factitious Disorders/complications , Memory Disorders/diagnosis , Verbal Learning/physiology , Case-Control Studies , Depressive Disorder/physiopathology , Factitious Disorders/physiopathology , Memory Disorders/physiopathology , Mental Recall/physiology , Neuropsychological Tests , Socioeconomic Factors
13.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-691407

ABSTRACT

Mood disorders are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, yet their underlying pathophysiology remains unclear. Animal models serve as a powerful tool for investigating the neurobiological mechanisms underlying psychiatric disorders; however, no animal model developed to date can fully mimic the “corresponding” human psychiatric disorder. In this scenario, the development of different animal models contributes to our understanding of the neurobiology of these disorders and provides the possibility of preclinical pharmacologic screening. The present review seeks to provide a comprehensive overview of traditional and recent animal models, recapitulating different features and the possible pathologic mechanisms of mood disorders emulated by these models.


Subject(s)
Animals , Mice , Rats , Bipolar Disorder/physiopathology , Depressive Disorder/physiopathology , Disease Models, Animal , Mood Disorders/physiopathology , Animals, Laboratory , Bipolar Disorder/etiology , Depressive Disorder/etiology , Mood Disorders/etiology
14.
Braz. j. otorhinolaryngol. (Impr.) ; 78(5): 83-89, set.-out. 2012. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-654291

ABSTRACT

O P300 é um potencial evocado auditivo de longa latência dependente das habilidades cognitivas. Acredita-se que alterações cognitivas decorrentes ou não por sintomas depressivos possam interferir no P300. OBJETIVO: Verificar a influência do envelhecimento, dos aspectos cognitivos e depressivos na latência do P300 em idosos. MÉTODO: Estudo clínico e experimental com 60 idosos com perda auditiva neurossensorial de grau leve a moderadamente grave, sendo 20 do sexo masculino e 40 feminino e idade média de 71,1 anos. Os participantes realizaram o potencial evocado auditivo de longa latência, no qual foi estudada a latência do P300 (milissegundos). Os aspectos cognitivos foram avaliados por meio do Miniexame do Estado Mental (MEEM) e Escala de Avaliação da Doença de Alzheimer (ADAS-Cog). Na avaliação da sintomatologia depressiva, foi aplicada a Escala de Depressão Geriátrica (EDG-15). RESULTADOS: Observou-se uma correlação positiva significante entre a Latência e Idade (p = 0,031). Entretanto, não houve diferença significante entre a latência do P300 e as categorias do ADAS-Cog (p = 0,584), MEEM (p = 0,199) e EDG (p = 0,541). CONCLUSÃO:O avanço da idade ocasionou um aumento da latência do P300, porém, o desempenho cognitivo e a presença de sintomatologia depressiva não influenciaram os resultados do P300 nesta população de idosos.


The P300 is a long-latency auditory evoked potential highly dependent on cognitive skills. It is believed that cognitive changes caused or not by depressive symptoms may interfere with the P300. AIM: To investigate the influence of aging, cognitive and depression aspects of the P300 latency in elderly people. METHODS: Clinical and experimental study with 60 elderly patients with sensorineural hearing loss of mild to moderately severe level, 20 males and 40 females, average age of 71.1. Participants were submitted to the long latency auditory evoked potential, in which the P300 latency (milliseconds) was studied. The cognitive aspects were assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale (ADAS-Cog). In the assessment of depressive symptoms the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15) was applied. RESULTS: We found a significant positive correlation between latency and age (p = 0.031). There were no significant differences among the P300 latency and the ADAS-Cog (p = 0.584), MMSE (p = 0.199) and GDS (p = 0.541) categories. CONCLUSION: Aging caused an increase in the P300 latency; however, cognitive performance and the presence of depressive symptoms did not influence the P300 results in this elderly population.


Subject(s)
Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Alzheimer Disease/physiopathology , Cognition Disorders/physiopathology , Depressive Disorder/physiopathology , /physiology , Evoked Potentials, Auditory/physiology , Hearing Loss, Sensorineural/physiopathology , Educational Status , Reaction Time , Severity of Illness Index
15.
Braz. J. Psychiatry (São Paulo, 1999, Impr.) ; 32(2): 181-191, jun. 2010. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-553995

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To describe the pathophysiological basis linking cardiovascular disease (CVD) and depression; to discuss the causal relationship between them, and to review the effects of antidepressant treatment on cardiovascular disease. METHOD: A review of the literature based on the PubMed database. DISCUSSION: Depression and cardiovascular disease are both highly prevalent. Several studies have shown that the two are closely related. They share common pathophysiological etiologies or co-morbidities, such as alterations in the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, cardiac rhythm disturbances, and hemorheologic, inflammatory and serotoninergic changes. Furthermore, antidepressant treatment is associated with worse cardiac outcomes (in case of tricyclics), which are not observed with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. CONCLUSION: Although there is a strong association between depression and cardiovascular disease, it is still unclear whether depression is actually a causal factor for CVD, or is a mere consequence, or whether both conditions share a common pathophysiological etiology. Nevertheless, both conditions must be treated concomitantly. Drugs other than tricyclics must be used, when needed, to treat the underlying depression and not as mere prophylactic of cardiac outcomes.


OBJETIVO: Descrever as bases fisiopatológicas que servem de elo entre doenças cardiovasculares e depressão; discutir as relações de causalidade dentre tais entidades e os efeitos do tratamento com antidepressivos sobre doenças cardiovasculares. MÉTODO: Uma revisão da literatura baseada no banco de dados PubMed. DISCUSSÃO: A depressão e doenças cardiovasculares são duas doenças altamente prevalentes. Vários estudos mostraram que ambas as doenças são intimamente ligadas. Elas apresentam etiologias ou comorbidades em comum, tais como alterações no eixo hipotalâmico-pituitário, distúrbios de ritmo cardíaco e alterações hemorreológicas, inflamatórias e serotoninérgicas. Além disso, o tratamento com antidepressivos está associado com pior prognóstico cardíaco (no caso de tricíclicos), o que não é observado com inibidores seletivos da recaptação da serotonina. CONCLUSÃO: Apesar de haver uma forte associação entre depressão e doenças cardiovasculares, é ainda incerto se a depressão é na verdade o fator causal para doenças cardiovasculares, uma mera consequência, ou se ambas as condições dividem uma etiologia fisiopatológica em comum. De qualquer maneira, ambas as doenças devem ser tratadas concomitantemente. Para evitar comprometimento cardíaco, drogas não-tricíclicas devem ser usadas, quando necessário, para o tratamento da depressão e não como meros profiláticos de eventos cardíacos.


Subject(s)
Humans , Cardiovascular Diseases/physiopathology , Depressive Disorder/physiopathology , Antidepressive Agents/therapeutic use , Cardiovascular Diseases/complications , Cardiovascular Diseases/psychology , Clinical Trials as Topic , Depressive Disorder/complications , Depressive Disorder/drug therapy , Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors/therapeutic use
16.
Braz. J. Psychiatry (São Paulo, 1999, Impr.) ; 31(2): 171-180, jun. 2009. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-517905

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Literature review of the controlled studies in the last 18 years in emotion recognition deficits in bipolar disorder. METHOD: A bibliographical research of controlled studies with samples larger than 10 participants from 1990 to June 2008 was completed in Medline, Lilacs, PubMed and ISI. Thirty-two papers were evaluated. RESULTS: Euthymic bipolar disorder presented impairment in recognizing disgust and fear. Manic BD showed difficult to recognize fearful and sad faces. Pediatric bipolar disorder patients and children at risk presented impairment in their capacity to recognize emotions in adults and children faces. Bipolar disorder patients were more accurate in recognizing facial emotions than schizophrenic patients. DISCUSSION: Bipolar disorder patients present impaired recognition of disgust, fear and sadness that can be partially attributed to mood-state. In mania, they have difficult to recognize fear and disgust. Bipolar disorder patients were more accurate in recognizing emotions than depressive and schizophrenic patients. Bipolar disorder children present a tendency to misjudge extreme facial expressions as being moderate or mild in intensity. CONCLUSION: Affective and cognitive deficits in bipolar disorder vary according to the mood states. Follow-up studies re-testing bipolar disorder patients after recovery are needed in order to investigate if these abnormalities reflect a state or trait marker and can be considered an endophenotype. Future studies should aim at standardizing task and designs.


OBJETIVO: Revisão da literatura de estudos controlados publicados nos últimos 18 anos sobre déficits no reconhecimento de emoções no transtorno bipolar. MÉTODO: Foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica no Medline, Lilacs, PubMed e ISI, selecionando-se o período de 1990 a junho de 2008. Foram incluídos apenas estudos controlados, que tivessem uma das amostras com mais de 10 participantes, totalizando 32 artigos. RESULTADOS: Bipolares eutímicos apresentaram prejuízo no reconhecimento de nojo e medo. Em mania, mostraram dificuldade para reconhecer medo e tristeza. Transtorno bipolar pediátrico e crianças de risco apresentam dificuldade para reconhecer emoções nos rostos de adultos e de crianças. Bipolares foram mais precisos para reconhecer emoções do que os pacientes esquizofrênicos. DISCUSSÃO: Pacientes com transtorno bipolar apresentam prejuízo no reconhecimento de nojo, medo e tristeza, os quais podem ser apenas em parte atribuídos ao estado de humor. No episódio maníaco, eles têm dificuldade para reconhecer medo e nojo. Entretanto, eles são mais precisos no reconhecimento de emoções do que pacientes deprimidos e esquizofrênicos. Crianças com transtorno bipolar apresentam tendência a julgar expressões faciais extremas como sendo de intensidade leve ou moderada. CONCLUSÃO: Déficits afetivos e cognitivos em bipolares sofrem variações dependendo do estado de humor. Estudos de seguimento, reavaliando pacientes após a remissão dos sintomas, são necessários para investigar se estas anormalidades refletem um estado ou traço da doença e se podem ser consideradas endofenótipos. Estudos futuros devem padronizar tarefas e metodologia.


Subject(s)
Humans , Bipolar Disorder/psychology , Emotions , Facial Expression , Recognition, Psychology , Bipolar Disorder/genetics , Bipolar Disorder/physiopathology , Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic , Depressive Disorder/genetics , Depressive Disorder/physiopathology , Evidence-Based Medicine , Fear , Phenotype , Schizophrenia/genetics , Schizophrenia/physiopathology
17.
J. bras. pneumol ; 35(4): 318-324, abr. 2009. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-513863

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Comparar dois questionários de avaliação de qualidade de vida-Saint George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) e Medical Outcomes Study 36-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36)-em pacientes com DPOC quanto às suas propriedades discriminativas e correlacionar seus respectivos domínios com as seguintes variáveis: escore da escala modificada do Medical Research Council; escore do Inventário de Depressão de Beck; escore da escala visual analógica para percepção do estado geral da saúde; escore de Mini-Mental State Examination; e um escore clínico de DPOC criado especialmente para o estudo. MÉTODOS: Foram entrevistados 30 pacientes com DPOC entre os meses de maio e setembro de 2006. Foram comparados e correlacionados os escores totais e os respectivos domínios dos questionários SF-36 e SGRQ. RESULTADOS: Todos os domínios do SF-36 apresentaram correlação estatisticamente significativa com o escore total do SGRQ (r = -0,5 a -0,69; p < 0,01), exceto o domínio dor. O domínio sintomas do SGQR foi o único que apresentou correlações significativas com todas as variáveis (p < 0,05). CONCLUSÕES: A maioria das correlações que seriam esperadas entre o SGRQ e o SF-36 com as demais variáveis foi observada. O SGRQ apresenta melhores propriedades discriminativas em relação ao questionário genérico SF-36, notadamente o domínio sintomas. O SF-36 não é um instrumento adequado para medir o estado afetivo de pacientes com DPOC.


OBJECTIVE: To compare two quality of life questionnaires-the Saint George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) and the Medical Outcomes Study 36-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36)-in patients with COPD, focusing on the discriminative properties of the questionnaires and correlating their domains with the following variables: Modified Medical Research Council Dyspnea Scale score; Beck Depression Inventory score; visual analog scale general health perception; Mini-Mental State Examination score; and a COPD clinical score developed specifically for the study. METHODS: We interviewed 30 COPD patients between May and September of 2006. For the SF-36 and SGRQ, scores (total and domain) were compared and correlated. RESULTS: With the exception of the pain domain, all of the SF-36 domains correlated significantly with the SGRQ total score (r = -0.5 to -0.69; p < 0.01). Of the SGQR domains, only the symptoms domain correlated significantly with all of the variables studied (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The majority of the expected correlations between the SGRQ and the SF-36 were observed, as were those expected between the two questionnaires and the other variables studied. The SGRQ, notably the symptoms domain, presented better discriminative properties than did the generic SF-36 questionnaire. The SF-36 is not an appropriate instrument for determining the affective state of COPD patients.


Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Activities of Daily Living , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/physiopathology , Quality of Life , Surveys and Questionnaires/standards , Disability Evaluation , Depressive Disorder/physiopathology , Dyspnea/physiopathology , Health Status Indicators , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/pathology , Severity of Illness Index , Smoking/adverse effects
18.
Braz. j. med. biol. res ; 40(6): 831-837, June 2007. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-452677

ABSTRACT

Sepsis and its complications are the leading causes of mortality in intensive care units, accounting for 10-50 percent of deaths. Intensive care unit survivors present long-term cognitive impairment, including alterations in memory, attention, concentration, and/or global loss of cognitive function. In the present study, we investigated behavioral alterations in sepsis-surviving rats. One hundred and ten male Wistar rats (3-4 months, 250-300 g) were submitted to cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), and 44 were submitted to sham operation. Forty-four rats (40 percent) survived after CLP, and all sham-operated animals survived and were used as control. Twenty animals of each group were used in the object recognition task (10 in short-term memory and 10 in long-term memory), 12 in the plus-maze test and 12 in the forced swimming test. Ten days after surgery, the animals were submitted individually to an object recognition task, plus-maze and forced swimming tests. A significant impairment of short- and long-term recognition memory was observed in the sepsis group (recognition index 0.75 vs 0.55 and 0.74 vs 0.51 for short- and long-term memory, respectively (P < 0.05). In the elevated plus-maze test no difference was observed between groups in any of the parameters assessed. In addition, sepsis survivors presented an increase in immobility time in the forced swimming test (180 vs 233 s, P < 0.05), suggesting the presence of depressive-like symptoms in these animals after recovery from sepsis. The present results demonstrated that rats surviving exposure to CLP, a classical sepsis model, presented recognition memory impairment and depressive-like symptoms but not anxiety-like behavior.


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Anxiety Disorders/etiology , Avoidance Learning/physiology , Cecal Diseases/physiopathology , Depressive Disorder/etiology , Intestinal Obstruction/physiopathology , Intestinal Perforation/physiopathology , Shock, Septic/physiopathology , Anxiety Disorders/physiopathology , Disease Models, Animal , Depressive Disorder/physiopathology , Maze Learning , Memory, Short-Term/physiology , Rats, Wistar , Swimming , Shock, Septic/psychology
19.
Braz. J. Psychiatry (São Paulo, 1999, Impr.) ; 29(supl.1): s19-s26, maio 2007. tab, ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-452228

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Foram revisados estudos que descrevem que as alterações na função do eixo hipotálamo-hipófise-adrenal são relacionadas com o estado psicopatológico em depressão. Além da depressão melancólica, uma série de condições podem ser associadas à hiperativação prolongada do eixo hipotálamo-pituitária-adrenal. Um outro grupo de psicopatologias é caracterizado por hipoativação do mesmo eixo com redução crônica na secreção do fator de liberação de corticotrofina. Pacientes com depressão atípica, doença afetiva sazonal e síndrome da fadiga crônica estão inclusos nesta categoria. MÉTODO: Foram revisados os dados da literatura que incluem a interseção entre estes descritores, resumidos e discutidos os principais e recentes achados. RESULTADOS: Muitos estudos têm enfatizado que estes quadros se sobrepõem biologicamente, demonstrando hipofunção no sistema relacionado ao fator de liberação de corticotrofina. CONCLUSÕES: Na prática clínica, os pacientes frequentemente se apresentam de forma intermediária entre a fadiga e a depressão atípica crônica e/ou a depressão sazonal. Isto enfatiza o potencial biológico comum que fundamenta o grupo de sintomas não somente entre depressão (atípica e sazonal) e a síndrome da fadiga crônica e as condições caracterizadas por alterações no eixo hipotálamo-pituitária-adrenal, principalmente hipofunção e, em particular, diminuição da atividade do fator de liberação de corticotrofina.


OBJECTIVE: We reviewed previous studies that have described an association between abnormal functioning of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and depression. In addition to melancholic depression, a spectrum of conditions may be associated with increased and prolonged activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. In contrast another group of states is characterized by hypoactivation of the stress system, rather than sustained activation, in which chronically reduced secretion of corticotropin releasing factor may result in pathological hypoarousal and an enhanced hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal negative feedback. Patients with atypical depression, seasonal affective disorder and chronic fatigue syndrome fall in this category. METHOD: The literature data on the overlap between the key-words were reviewed, summarized and discussed. RESULTS: Many studies suggest that these conditions themselves overlap biologically, showing hypofunction of central corticotropin releasing factor neuronal systems. CONCLUSIONS: Therefore, in the real world of clinical practice, patients often present in a grey area between classical idiopathic fatigue and early chronic atypical depression and/or seasonal depression. This underscores the potential common biological links underpinning common sympton clusters not only between depression (atypical and seasonal) and chronic fatigue syndrome, but also other conditions characterized by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis mainly diminished the corticotropin realising factor activity.


Subject(s)
Humans , Depressive Disorder/physiopathology , Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic/physiopathology , Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System/physiopathology , Pituitary-Adrenal System/physiopathology , Seasonal Affective Disorder/physiopathology , Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone/physiology , Depressive Disorder, Major/physiopathology , Depressive Disorder/psychology , Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic/psychology , Seasonal Affective Disorder/psychology , Stress, Psychological/physiopathology
20.
Braz. J. Psychiatry (São Paulo, 1999, Impr.) ; 29(supl.1): s27-s32, maio 2007. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-452229

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Nesta revisão será focado o papel das citocinas no sistema nervoso central e suas implicações para o quadro depressivo. Posteriormente, serão discutidos os principais achados sobre medidas de citocinas em pacientes com depressão maior. MÉTODO: Foi realizada uma pesquisa no Pubmed selecionando estudos entre 1999-2007, utilizando as seguintes palavras-chave: "depression, cytokine"; "depressive disorder, cytokine". Focou-se nos estudos de medidas de citocinas pró-inflamatórias em pacientes com síndrome depressiva que utilizaram critérios DSM. RESULTADOS: Várias linhas de evidência sugerem que as citocinas possam exercer um papel na depressão. Entre elas, destacam-se: citocinas induzindo a "comportamento doentio"; doenças clínicas relacionadas com citocinas também apresentam associação com quadros depressivos; uso de imunoterapia levando ao desenvolvimento de depressão. Além disso, níveis elevados de citocinas pró-inflamatórias em pacientes com depressão foram relatados, apesar de resultados contraditórios. CONCLUSÃO: O papel das citocinas na fisiopatologia em alguns casos de depressão é descrito; porém, uma relação causal não foi ainda estabelecida. Novos estudos são necessários para determinar padrões específicos de citocinas em pacientes com depressão, levando em consideração outros fatores associados à ativação imunológica. Além disso, medidas simultâneas de múltiplos marcadores biológicos podem gerar informações importantes para a compreensão dos mecanismos fisiopatológico da depressão e em doenças relacionadas à produção de citocinas.


OBJECTIVE: This review will focus on the role of cytokines in the central nervous system and its implications to depressive disorder. We will then discuss the main findings of cytokine measurements in patients with major depressive disorder. METHOD: We searched Pubmed for studies published from 1999-2007, using the keywords depression and cytokine; and depressive disorder and cytokine. We have focused on pro-inflammatory cytokine measurements in patients with depression syndrome using DSM-criteria. RESULTS: Several lines of evidence suggest that cytokines have effects on depression, such as the induction of sickness behavior; clinical conditions related to cytokines that also overlap depressive symptoms; and immunotherapy that can lead to depressive symptoms attenuated by antidepressant treatment. Finally, patients with depression exhibit increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, although conflicting results have been described. CONCLUSION: Cytokines may play a role in the pathophysiology of some cases of depression, although a causal link has not been established yet. Further longitudinal studies are needed to determine patterns of cytokine in patients with major depressive disorder, taking into account confounding factors closely associated with the activation of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In addition, simultaneous measurements of multiple biomarkers could provide critical insights into mechanisms underlying major depressive disorder and a variety of common cytokine-related diseases.


Subject(s)
Humans , Brain/immunology , Cytokines/physiology , Depression/physiopathology , Depressive Disorder/physiopathology , Immune System , Neuroimmunomodulation/physiology , Antidepressive Agents/therapeutic use , Biomarkers/metabolism , Cytokines/metabolism , Depression/immunology , Depressive Disorder, Major/physiopathology , Depressive Disorder/drug therapy , Depressive Disorder/immunology , Immune System/immunology , Immune System/physiopathology , Stress, Psychological/physiopathology
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